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The Wisdom of Crowds, by James Surowiecki
Free PDF The Wisdom of Crowds, by James Surowiecki
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In this fascinating book, New Yorker business columnist James Surowiecki explores a deceptively simple idea: Large groups of people are smarter than an elite few, no matter how brilliant—better at solving problems, fostering innovation, coming to wise decisions, even predicting the future.
With boundless erudition and in delightfully clear prose, Surowiecki ranges across fields as diverse as popular culture, psychology, ant biology, behavioral economics, artificial intelligence, military history, and politics to show how this simple idea offers important lessons for how we live our lives, select our leaders, run our companies, and think about our world.
- Sales Rank: #21706 in Books
- Brand: Anchor Books
- Published on: 2005-08-16
- Released on: 2005-08-16
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.00" h x .70" w x 5.20" l,
- Binding: Paperback
- 336 pages
- Anchor Books
From Publishers Weekly
While our culture generally trusts experts and distrusts the wisdom of the masses, New Yorker business columnist Surowiecki argues that "under the right circumstances, groups are remarkably intelligent, and are often smarter than the smartest people in them." To support this almost counterintuitive proposition, Surowiecki explores problems involving cognition (we're all trying to identify a correct answer), coordination (we need to synchronize our individual activities with others) and cooperation (we have to act together despite our self-interest). His rubric, then, covers a range of problems, including driving in traffic, competing on TV game shows, maximizing stock market performance, voting for political candidates, navigating busy sidewalks, tracking SARS and designing Internet search engines like Google. If four basic conditions are met, a crowd's "collective intelligence" will produce better outcomes than a small group of experts, Surowiecki says, even if members of the crowd don't know all the facts or choose, individually, to act irrationally. "Wise crowds" need (1) diversity of opinion; (2) independence of members from one another; (3) decentralization; and (4) a good method for aggregating opinions. The diversity brings in different information; independence keeps people from being swayed by a single opinion leader; people's errors balance each other out; and including all opinions guarantees that the results are "smarter" than if a single expert had been in charge. Surowiecki's style is pleasantly informal, a tactical disguise for what might otherwise be rather dense material. He offers a great introduction to applied behavioral economics and game theory.
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
From Bookmarks Magazine
Surowiecki first developed his ideas for Wisdom of Crowds in his “Financial Page” column of The New Yorker. Many critics found his premise to be an interesting twist on the long held notion that Americans generally question the masses and eschew groupthink. “A socialist might draw some optimistic conclusions from all of this,” wrote The New York Times. “But Surowiecki’s framework is decidedly capitalist.” Some reviewers felt that the academic language and business speak decreased the impact of the argument. Still, it’s a thought-provoking, timely book: the TV studio audience of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire guesses correctly 91 percent of the time, compared to “experts” who guess only 65 percent correctly. Keep up the good work, comrades.
Copyright © 2004 Phillips & Nelson Media, Inc.
Review
“As entertaining and thought-provoking as The Tipping Point by Malcolm Gladwell.... The Wisdom of Crowds ranges far and wide.” –The Boston Globe“A fun, intriguing read–and a concept with enormous potential for CEOs and politicos alike.” –Newsweek“This book is not just revolutionary but essential reading for everyone.”–Christian Science Monitor“Provocative....Musters ample proof that the payoff from heeding collective intelligence is greater than many of us imagine.” –BusinessWeek“There’s no danger of dumbing down for the masses who read this singular book.” –Entertainment Weekly“Clearly and persuasively written.” –Newsday“Convincingly argues that under the right circumstances, it’s the crowd that’s wiser than even society’s smartest individuals. New Yorker business columnist Surowiecki enlivens his argument with dozens of illuminating anecdotes and case studies from business, social psychology, sports and everyday life.” –Entertainment Weekly“The author has a knack for translating the most algebraic of research papers into bright expository prose.” –The New York Times Book Review"Dazzling . . . one of those books that will turn your world upside down. It's an adventure story, a manifesto, and the most brilliant book on business, society, and everyday life that I've read in years." –Malcolm Gladwell, author of The Tipping Point “Surowiecki’s clear writing and well-chosen examples render complicated mathematical and sociological theories easy to grasp. . . . [His] accounts of how the wisdom of crowds has formed the world we live in will thrill trivia mavens–and may make a better investor (or football coach) out of anyone who takes its conclusions to heart.” –Time Out New York"This book should be in every thinking businessperson's library. Without exception." –Po Bronson, author of What Should I Do With My Life?
“Drawing from biology, behavioral economics, and computer science, Surowiecki offers answers to such timeless–and often rhetorical–questions as “Why does the line you’re standing in always seem to move the slowest?” and “Why is there so much garbage on TV?” The result is a highly original set of conclusions about how our world works.” –Seed Magazine“As readers of Surowiecki’s writings in The New Yorker will know, he has a rare gift for combining rigorous thought with entertaining example. [The Wisdom of Crowds] is packed with amusing ideas that leave the reader feeling better-educated.” –Financial Times (London)“The book is deeply researched and well-written, and the result is a fascinating read.” –Deseret Morning News"Jim Surowiecki has done the near impossible. He's taken what in other hands would be a dense and difficult subject and given us a book that is engaging, surprising, and utterly persuasive. The Wisdom of Crowds will change the way you think about markets, economics, and a large swatch of everyday life." –Joe Nocera, editorial director of Fortune magazine and author of A Piece of the Action “Makes a compelling case.” –The Gazette (Montreal)“Deftly compressing a small library’s worth of research into a single slim and readable volume, the Financial Page columnist at The New Yorker makes his bid to capture the zeitgeist as his colleague Malcolm Gladwell did with The Tipping Point. . . . The author has produced something surprising and new: a sociological tract as gripping as a good novel.” –Best Life“Surowiecki is a patient and vivid writer with a knack for telling examples.” –Denver Post "Most crowds of readers would agree that Jim Surowiecki is one of the most interesting journalists working today. Now he has written a book that will exceed even their expectations. Anyone open to re-thinking their most basic assumptions–people who enjoyed The Tipping Point, say–will love this book." –Michael Lewis, author of Moneyball
“Surowiecki’s is a big-idea book.” –Salon.com"It has become increasingly recognized that the average opinions of groups is frequently more accurate than most individuals in the group. The author has written a most interesting survey of the many studies in this area and discussed the limits as well as the achievements of self-organization." –Kenneth Arrow, winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics and Professor of Economics (Emeritus), Stanford University“Clever and surprising.... The originality and sheer number of demonstrations of the impressive power of collective thinking provided here are fascinating, and oddly comforting.” –Bookforum“An illuminating book.” –Detroit Free Press
Most helpful customer reviews
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
we are smarter in groups, even those of us that deny it
By Frank L. Greenagel II
James Surowiecki has been writing for the New Yorker for over a decade. This is his first book, and it was published in 2005.
Surowiecki looks out how using the judgement of the group helps to make better decisions, as long as the group is diverse, comes by their knowledge separately and gets to make their judgements (votes) at the same time (so they aren't unduly influenced by early voters or those with more power).
I've made it an extra credit book in my senior social work class at Rutgers, and I think that it is a wonderful book about how we think and make decisions (on par with Outliers & How We Know What Isn't So).
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
How more of us can be smarter than less of us.
By Barry L. Davis
Subtitled, "Why the many are smarter than the few and how collective wisdom shapes business, societies and nations." He starts out by quote a great curmudgeon -- H. L. Mencken: "No one in this world, so far as I know, has ever lost money by underestimating the intelligence of great masses of the plain people," then proceeds to prove him wrong. Replete with examples of how the aggregate wisdom of a group is greater than the smartest member, his first story is of a 1906 Exhibition where British scientist Francis Galton compiled the guesses on the dressed weight of a price ox by 787 attendees, only to find that the average guess was within 1 lb.!
Surowiecki cites three basic problems that collective intelligence can address: Cognition - problems that have a definite solution (who will win the Superbowl?), Coordination - trying to get everyone on the same page (driving safely in heavy traffic) and Cooperation - getting self-interested, distrustful people to work together (paying taxes, dealing with pollution, etc.).
Scores of case studies come from finding a lost submarine (a group of independent individuals' scenarios located the sub within 220 yards of where it went down from a search area that was 20 miles wide -- sadly, too late for the crew) to how Google finds what you want to the Challenger disaster (how not to do it, unfortunately). Surowiecki shows the importance of independence, diversity and private judgment to improve the results. Actually, too many experts or too much collaboration hinders more than helps. He shows that "the best collective decisions are the product of disagreement and contest, not consensus or compromise. An intelligent group . . . does not ask its members to modify their positions in order to let the group reach a decision everyone can be happy with." Interestingly enough, although communication is important in groups, too much communication reduces the results of the decision process. Experts can add to the problem in the same way.
A fascinating book, rich with examples from business, industry, education, government, etc.
4 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Important and Paradoxical
By Steven Farron
Surowiecki's The Wisdom of Crowds documents and analyzes an extremely important phenomenon. When people guess at a question to which nearly no one knows the answer but most people can make a sensible guess (e.g., what proportion of the world's airports are in the USA; how many marbles can fit into a box that is a meter on each side) the average of a large group is nearly always more accurate than the guess of any member of that group. Moreover, the more people involved, the more accurate the average is.
This phenomenon was first discovered by Francis Galton, Charles Darwin's first cousin. Throughout his life, Galton was obsessed with measurement and categorization. His study of fingerprints led to their use by the police to identify criminals. His study of twins revealed that biological heredity determines intelligence and temperament. He also worked out the coefficient of correlation, which is a basis of modern statistics. In 1906, when Galton was eighty-five and still as inquisitive as ever, he visited a country fair. One of the events was a contest to try to guess what the weight of an ox, which was on display, would be after it had been killed and dressed. In order to enter the contest, a person had to pay sixpence and write his guess, along with his name and address, on a piece of paper. After the contest was over, Galton borrowed the papers with the guesses. There were 787 papers in total. To his amazement, the average guess was only one pound less that the actual weight (1,198 pounds). That was closer than any individual guess. Yet, some of the participants in the contest were butchers and cattle raisers, who would be expected to do much better than the average.
This phenomenon also applies to predictions of future events. That is why it is nearly impossible to make money consistently by betting on sporting events - because the odds are determined by the average of all bets, which is extremely accurate. The most striking illustration of this phenomenon is the otherwise inexplicable fact that, with very few exceptions, professional stock investors (managers of mutual funds, pension funds, etc.) do worse than the stock market indexes. Professional investors are highly intelligent people, who devote all their time to analyzing stocks and stock market trends; they have specially developed soft-ware and teams of assistants. But their analyses are not as accurate as the average analysis of all investors.
However, for the wisdom of crowds to work, two conditions must be met (pages 10-11, 36-7). One is that the opinions of the individuals involved must be formed and expressed independently of the others. When decisions are made by groups meeting together, the group is often swayed by a consensus that seems to have formed or by one or two of its member who seem to have more expertise, or who express their opinions forcefully. Also, the individuals involved must have some knowledge of what is involved. For example, the average prediction of Indonesian peasants as to which team will win the National Football League championship would be worthless.
In line with the second condition, the wisdom of crowds does not apply to areas of technical expertise. The average guess of a crowd as to the weight of an ox when it has been slaughtered and dressed is more accurate than the estimate of any butcher in the crowd. But the butchers in the crowd are more adept than any non-butchers at carving the ox, storing its meat, and preparing it for sale.
Surowiecki offers a general explanation (pages 10-11) for why the crowds are wiser than any of their individual members and specific reasons (pages 34, 44-50) for why professional stock investors do worse than the stock indexes. I found the latter explanations more convincing than the former.
Surowiecki also discusses (pages 236, 245-6) the obvious objection that the average prices of stocks, houses, and commodities often rise and fall sharply, without regard to the value of the assets involved. Such price swings do not occur with ordinary goods and services, such as televisions or haircuts; nor does a rise in price of ordinary goods and services induce more people to buy them. Average predictions of the results of sporting events or of elections are also immune from irrational price bubbles. In these cases, the accuracy of the predictions is decided unequivocally at a specific time in the near future. That keeps the crowd tethered to reality. But when the prices of stocks, houses, and commodities rise, that means that they can be resold at a higher price; and there is no point at which the bet is definitely over and the bettors have undeniably been proved right or wrong.
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